適当要約①The practice of English language teaching (5th ed.)
次のセメスターの予習と、パラフレーズの練習も兼ねて"The practice of English language teaching"を要約していきます。
- 私個人の勉強用なので、内容の正確性は保証しません。
- たまにパラフレーズをさぼっているのでコピペはおススメしません。
Harmer, J. (2013). The practice of English language teaching (5th ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
1.1 Who speaks English?
In the early Middle Ages, English was spoken almost exclusively by English people living in what is now England. However, now the language has morphed and spread to other countries and populations, being a lingua franca of international communication and commerce.
Kachru’s three circles (* it’s a ‘guesstimates’ and out of date): ‘inner circle (320-380 million speakers in countries where English is the national language)’, ‘outer circle (150-300 million speakers from countries where there was a long history of Enlgish use)’, ‘expanding circle (100-1000 million speakers who speak English as a foreign language)’
Ratio of native speakers to non-native speakers is anywhere between 1:2 (Rajagopalan, 2004) and 1:5 (Graddol, 2008), and this gap is widening all the time.
English is sometimes seen as a universal language, however, about 60% of the world’s population have poor or no English skills.
“World Englishes”
1.1.1 Varieties of Wneligh
Inner circle: “Standard southern English” (SSE), “General Americn” (GA)
Even native English-speaking countries (i.e., inner circle, such as England and the USA, which has more significant varieties than UK) have “clearly identifiable language varieties”.
Outer circle: Indian, Singaporean Englsih, Asian English
Expanding circle: Argentinian, Japanese who speak English as a second language or foreign language.
There are an increasing number of non-native English speakers who speak their own, various different “Englishes” in many urban areas in “inner circle” countries such as London, New York, or Melbourne.
English as a lingua franca (ELF):
More widely-used name for English as an international language (EIL)
ELF is English used as “a means of communication between people who come from different language backgrounds… (Jenkins, 2012, p. 487)
English is everywhere “over the internet, on Facebook, … (Cogo, 2012, p. 98)”
Very “accommodating”, a number of “deviations” from native-speaker norms, includes many grammatical errors
This is the reality of English as a lingua franca.
How should we approach it?
めっちゃ大事だけど力尽きそうなのでここで今日は終了。
